1 Background

The assumed goal for the Clackamas River Basin Council is to protect and restore the integrity of Rock and Richardson watersheds within the context of work that must be done for the entire Clackamas Basin. The Council has identified four primary goals and priorities for their work in the larger Clackamas Basin.

v Maintain and improve native anadromous and resident fish habitat in the Clackamas River basin.

v Maintain and enhance water quality of the Clackamas River to meet and surpass the state water quality standards.

v Maintain sufficient flows to support in-stream beneficial uses.

v Protect and enhance natural areas associated with river and stream habitat.

Since the financial, labor and political resources of the Council are limited, setting priorities for action is crucial. In the Rock and Richardson Creek watersheds these priorities must be driven by the fact that pending urbanization will have an overwhelming influence on these two watersheds in the near and long-term. Actions such as upstream riparian tree planting and bank stabilization -- which can have significant value in rural watersheds where land use patterns are relatively stable -- may be relatively inconsequential in comparison to the need to address the potential impacts of urbanization in the core of these watersheds. In the face of pending alterations to the landscape, Council efforts should be focused first on protecting the best fisheries habitat and watershed values, second on ensuring that watershed health is maintained as urbanization occurs, and finally on restoring and rebuilding more damaged ecosystems.

The intent of this recommended action plan is not to provide an exhaustive list of all potential data collection, restoration, education and community building projects. Rather, it is intended to outline a strategic approach for the Council to protect and enhance ecosystem health in these two watersheds, and is presented here in five sections.

v Protection and Restoration of Key Areas

v Community Outreach and Education

v Monitoring and Research

v Planning and Urbanization

v Short-term Restoration Projects

The activities within this recommended approach provide multiple opportunities for integration of Council efforts in education and outreach, monitoring, research, planning and policy development, and on-the-ground actions. There are countless other actions that the Council could take towards watershed health, but these are suggested as the most strategic.Ý

2 Protection and Restoration of Key Areas

The watershed assessment (Ecotrust, October 2000) identified three critical areas for salmonids in Rock and Richardson Creeks: Lower Rock Creek, from the mouth up to the falls; Middle Rock Creek, from SE 172^nd east to Foster Road; and the forested canyons of Lower Richardson Creek. If salmonids cannot be retained in these core sections, then they cannot continue to exist in the respective watersheds. Moreover, these core salmonid areas and the broader zones that support them also have significant water quality, water quantity, soil stability, and wildlife habitat values. If the Council can do nothing else in these two watersheds, it should work to ensure that existing values in these areas are retained and enhanced through protection, monitoring and restoration.

The recommended protection of these core areas does not negate the value of protecting and restoring other important ecological values in these two watersheds. For example, the riparian zones on all creeks in these two watersheds are critical habitat vital to the survival of salmonids. Good water quality and healthy riparian zones are the key to salmonid survival. The Council should make every effort through policy and private landowner incentives to afford maximum possible protection to these riparian areas.

2.1 Forested Riparian Zone of Lower Richardson Creek

The mostly intact, forested canyon of lower Richardson Creek (reach 1) is fundamental to the health of this watershed and to the presence of salmon is this creek. This particular area also provides wildlife habitat connectivity between the upper Buttes area and the forested areas of the Clackamas Valley. This zone has been roughly delineated on the accompanying Opportunity map based on the extent of steep slopes, soils with high erosion potential, wetlands, and intact forest cover and other natural areas. Highly erodable soils cover 40 percent of this 620-acre area, over one quarter of the area has slopes greater than 25 percent, and wetlands cover a little over three percent, or nearly 20 acres. Over 80 percent of this zone is forested, primarily in closed canopy mixed conifer deciduous forest.

Lower Richardson Creek Canyon Zone: Vegetation and Land Cover Type*

Vegetation and Land Cover Type	acres	percent
Barren and Sparsely Vegetated	13.10	2.11
Low Structure Agriculture	53.68	8.64
Deciduous Closed Canopy Forest	38.43	6.19
Mixed Closed Canopy Forest	337.06	54.26
Conifer Closed Canopy Forest	69.68	11.22
Deciduous Open Canopy Forest	48.89	7.87
Mixed Open Canopy Forest	15.82	2.55
Conifer Open Canopy Forest	1.24	0.20
Deciduous Scattered Canopy Forest	6.34	1.02
Mixed Scattered Canopy Forest	5.47	0.88
Conifer Scattered Canopy Forest	0.31	0.05
Closed Canopy Shrub	13.96	2.25
Open Canopy Shrub	3.49	0.56
Scattered Canopy Shrub	3.62	0.58
Meadow	10.09	1.62

*Source: Metro (1998).

The protection of this canyon area and the critical salmonid habitat it supports is particularly important as parts of this watershed continue to urbanize. Most of this canyon zone lies outside the urban reserve zone and is therefore unlikely to be developed in the near future. Rather, the principal threat to the water quality, water quantity, soil stability, and wildlife habitat values provided by this area is from timber harvesting by current or future landowners. Given the fragile nature of much of this zone and its direct connection to critical salmonid habitat; tree removal and other activities associated with timber harvesting in this particular zone could have a significant impact on overall watershed health. Current State of Oregon forest practice regulations do not prevent the removal of most of this forest cover. The Council must take a lead role in ensuring that this area remains largely intact. This will require working with landowners, the Metro Greenspaces Program, Clackamas County, and local land trusts to find appropriate economic and policy mechanisms for retaining this area as intact forest.

This lower canyon zone includes about 191 separate tax lots owned by 142 different landowners. The average lot size is about six acres, although sizes range from a little over one thousand square feet to 43 acres. Many of the larger lots, however, extend well beyond the delineated zone. Most of these tax lots are occupied; about 70 percent have assessed improvement values of $25,000 or more.

2.2 Forested Riparian Zone of Lower Rock Creek

As in lower Richardson Creek, the forested riparian zone of lower Rock Creek (reaches 1, 2 and 3) is fundamental to the health of that watershed and to the hope of restoring healthy populations of salmon to the lower end of this creek. This zone is also delineated on the accompanying Opportunity map based on the extent of steep slopes, soils with high erosion potential, wetlands, and intact forest cover. Highly erodable soils cover 30 percent of this 293-acre area, and nearly 40 percent of the area has slopes greater than 25 percent. Over 65 percent is forested, primarily in closed canopy mixed conifer and deciduous forest and nearly 18 percent is in agriculture.

Lower Rock Canyon: Vegetation and Land Cover Type*

Vegetation and Land Cover Type	acres	percent
Water	0.09	0.03
Barren and Sparsely Vegetated	18.19	6.22
Agriculture	52.35	17.90
Deciduous Closed Canopy Forest	17.17	5.87
Mixed Closed Canopy Forest	104.81	35.83
Conifer Closed Canopy Forest	27.21	9.30
Deciduous Open Canopy Forest	10.92	3.73
Mixed Open Canopy Forest	11.73	4.01
Conifer Open Canopy Forest	0.77	0.26
Deciduous Scattered Canopy Forest	12.42	4.25
Mixed Scattered Canopy Forest	5.14	1.76
Conifer Scattered Canopy Forest	0.91	0.31
Closed Canopy Shrub	12.05	4.12
Open Canopy Shrub	3.44	1.18
Scattered Canopy Shrub	4.97	1.70
Meadow	10.37	3.55

*Source: Metro (1998).

Like the Lower Richardson canyon area, protection of the Lower Rock Creek canyon area and the critical salmonid habitat it supports is particularly important as parts of this watershed urbanize. All of this zone lies either within the current urban growth boundary or within the urban reserve zone and is therefore likely to be developed in the near future. Given the fragile nature of much of this zone and its direct connection to critical salmonid habitat, intensive development could have a significant impact on overall watershed health. The Council must take a lead role in ensuring that the remaining forest cover area remains largely undisturbed. This will require working with landowners, the Metro Greenspaces Program, Clackamas County, and local land trusts to find appropriate economic and policy mechanisms for retaining this area as intact forest.

The lower Rock Creek canyon zone includes about 229 separate tax lots owned by 161 different landowners. The average lot size is about 2 acres, although sizes range from a little over one thousand square feet to 50 acres. Many of the larger lots extend beyond the delineated zone. Most of these tax lots are occupied; nearly 60 percent have assessed improvement values of $25,000 or more.

The Council must take a lead role in ensuring that this area remains largely intact. This will require working with landowners, the Metro Greenspaces Program, Clackamas County, and local land trusts to find appropriate economic and policy mechanisms for retaining this area as intact forest.

2.3 Middle Rock Creek

The Council should take a lead role in restoring the riparian zone and stream channel in middle Rock Creek (all of reach 5 and parts of reach 4 and 6). Part of this area contains a small and isolated population of cutthroat trout in a stretch of Rock Creek between Foster Road and SE 172^nd Avenues. Generally there is poor riparian cover in this section, partly channelized stream sections, a lack of habitat complexity and a lack of refuge habitat. The stability and recovery of cutthroat trout in upper Rock Creek depends on restoration of riparian cover and habitat in this zone.

As roughly delineated on the Opportunity map, this area is about 300 acres in size, and is characterized by primarily gentle slopes, although eleven percent of the area has slopes of between 25 and 50 percent. Currently, only 62 percent of the land cover is forested. Tree planting and restoration is most important for areas closest to the creek.

Middle Rock Creek: Vegetation and Land Cover Type*

Land Cover Type	acres	percent
Barren and Sparsely Vegetated	31.00	10.12
Agriculture	35.74	11.67
Deciduous Closed Canopy Forest	47.85	15.63
Mixed Closed Canopy Forest	68.92	22.51
Conifer Closed Canopy Forest	7.59	2.48
Deciduous Open Canopy Forest	16.43	5.37
Mixed Open Canopy Forest	29.91	9.77
Conifer Open Canopy Forest	1.39	0.45
Deciduous Scattered Canopy Forest	11.68	3.81
Mixed Scattered Canopy Forest	5.44	1.78
Conifer Scattered Canopy Forest	0.62	0.20
Closed Canopy Shrub	13.20	4.31
Open Canopy Shrub	7.02	2.29
Scattered Canopy Shrub	5.99	1.95
Meadow	23.40	7.64

*Source: Metro (1998).

The middle Rock Creek zone includes about 189 separate tax lots owned by 137 different landowners. The average lot size is about four acres, although sizes range from a little less than 700 square feet to 125 acres. Many of the larger lots, however, extend well beyond the delineated zone. Most of these tax lots are occupied; about 65 percent have assessed improvement values of $25,000 or more

The Council will need to work with landowners and residents of this area to:

v Identify and repair any fish barriers,

v Identify potential sources of erosion and sedimentation and address them with best management practices, and

v Promote plantings of native tree species within the riparian zone.

2.4 Potential Partners for Protection and Restoration of Key Areas

Clackamas Planning

9101 SE Sunnybrook Blvd.

Clackamas, OR 97015

503.353.4400

www.co.clackamas.or.usÝÝ (general)

www.co.clackamas.or.us/dtd/lngplan/l-plan.htmlÝ (long term planning by project)

Columbia land Trust

1351 Officers' Row

Vancouver, WA 98661

306.696.0131

www.columbialandtrust.org

Metro Parks and Greenspaces

600 NE Grand Ave.

Portland, OR 97232-2736

503.797.1850

www.metro-region.org/parks/parks.html

Metro's Metropolitan Greenspaces Program has begun to identify and protect natural areas within the metropolitan area. The goal of the program is to establish a regional system of natural areas, parks, and open spaces that are connected by trails and greenways. Metro has identified specific greenway linkages within the Rock Creek Watershed for acquisition and public management.

Oregon Sustainable Agriculture Land Trust (OSALT)

PO Box 1106

Canby, OR 97013-1106

503.263.8392

www.osalt.org

Trust for Public Lands

Oregon Field Office

1211 SW Sixth Ave.

Portland, OR 97204

503.228.4529

www.tpl.org/nearu/nwro

3 Community Outreach and Education

Community outreach and education should be aimed at creating awareness of the role of watersheds and key watershed issues, building support for community watershed efforts, and changing behavior patterns in ways that restore and enhance watershed health. Many of the activities of the Clackamas Basin Council provide important outreach and education opportunities. Activities that protect and restore these creeks should be used as a vehicle for larger Clackamas Basin protection efforts. Moreover, there will be a lot of media publicity as this area urbanizes, and the Council should be prepared to use it to advantage There are at least two specific projects, however, for which education is the principal goal. In conducting outreach and education the Council should stimulate community partnerships with local schools, landowners, and businesses, and aim to create a watershed community that will take the individual steps needed to maintain and restore watershed health. Two excellent avenues for reaching the local community are the Damascus and Sunnyside Community Fairs in July and August as well as the Rock Creek Community Association.

3.1 Damascus Restoration Demonstration

The Council should take a lead role in restoration of the section of Richardson Creek that has been damaged by channelization and the failure of the Safeway and Dairy Queen septic systems. This site is a critical link to water quality in Richardson Creek. Moreover, while it may not be the most important restoration project in the watershed, it is the most visible one and provides an excellent opportunity to connect residents to the Richardson Creek watershed and demonstrate the potential for restoration. As a leader in this effort the Council will need to work closely with the landowners, broker the roles of various local and regional agencies, search for creative solutions to the specific challenges of the site, and gather and focus the energies of local residents. For example, while the Damascus waste treatment issue has often been framed as a dilemma between inadequate septic and unavailable sewer systems there may be other viable alternatives for onsite biological waste treatment. A Living Machine is one example of an effective and economical system for biological treatment of high strength industrial wastewater and sewage that could offer an effective solution. Living Machines incorporate and accelerate the processes nature uses to purify water. With the help of sunlight and a managed environment, a diversity of organisms including bacteria, plants, snails, and fish break down and digest organic pollutants. Depending on the climate, Living Machines can be housed in a protective greenhouse, under light shelter or in the open air.

The Council may be able to play a pivotal role in brokering resources and partners to implement such a local solution.

3.1.1 Resources for Damascus Area Restoration

Living Technologies
431 Pine Street
Burlington, Vermont 05401
802.865.4460
Fax: 802.865.4438
info@livingtechnologies.com

http://www.livingtechnologies.com

http://www.livingtechnologies.com/htm/home.htm

Environmental Protection Agency

U.S. EPA Region 10
1200 6th Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
206.553.1200
http://www.epa.gov/region10/

http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/ (Office of Wastewater Management)

State of Oregon
Department of Environmental Quality
811 SW Sixth Avenue
Portland, OR 97204

800.452.4011

Water Environment Services (WES)

Clackamas County

9101 SE Sunnybrook Blvd, #441

Clackamas, OR 97015

503.353.4567

General Location of Proposed Damascus Community Demonstration Project

3.1.2 Further Reading related to Damascus Area Restoration

Whole Earth Review. Modern Landscape Ecology (Special Issue). Whole Earth Review.Ý Summer 1998.

Honachefsky, William B. Ecologically Based Municipal Planning. Lewis Publishers. 1999.

Matilsky, Barbara C..Ý Fragile Ecologies: Contemporary Artists' Interpretations. Rizzoli Books. 1992.

United States Environmental Protection Agency. Wastewater Primer. EPA 833-K-98-001. May 1998. (http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/primer.pdf).

3.2 Use of Fertilizers, Herbicides, and Pesticides

The Council should take a lead role in educating residents, operators, businesses and vendors about the role of fertilizer, herbicide and pesticide on water quality and watershed health, and more sustainable alternatives to their use. This outreach and education effort should be strategically focused for greatest long-term impact. Likely partners to the Council may include University Extension and Metro as well as local business associations and non-profits.

Conventional agriculture relies on massive application of pesticides, fertilizers, and fossil fuels, which result in soil erosion and the contamination of groundwater and ecosystems. As an alternative, sustainable agriculture eliminates the use of pesticides and artificial chemicals and largely maintains soil fertility by application of on-farm residues and rotation of nitrogen-fixing crops. Any external fertilizers must themselves be sustainably produced. Soil erosion is minimized through crop choices, cover-cropping, and low-till methods, and crop diversity provides inherent resilience in the face of pests, disease, and weather extremes.

Most, but not all, aspects of Sustainable Agriculture are addressed by organic certification standards like those administered state-wide by California Tilth and Oregon Tilth and nationally by the U.S.D.A. This form of product labeling and certification is well-understood in the marketplace, and can attract a premium of 50% or more. The organic food market is the fastest growing sector of the food industry, with a growth rate of 20% per year over the last two decades. Processors, handlers, marketers, and restaurants can also receive organic certification, creating a wide range of opportunities for value-added production.

Agriculture is only one source of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides, and a diminishing one in the Rock and Richardson Creek watersheds. The use and impact of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides on watershed health in urban and suburban areas can often exceeds that of agricultural areas due to the unregulated use by untrained homeowners. Owners of farms and household landscapes and gardens can improve watershed health by maintaining their own soil fertility, avoiding pesticide use, and preventing erosion.

3.2.1 Partners and Resources for Fertilizer, Herbicide and Pesticide Reduction

Oregon State University

North Willamette Research and Extension Center

15210 NE Miley Road

Aurora, Oregon 97002-9543
503.678.1264

Fax: 503.678.5986

http://osu.orst.edu/dept/NWREC/

Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides (NCAP)

P.O. Box 1393

Eugene, Oregon 97440

503.344.5044 ÝÝÝ Ý

Fax: 541.344.6923

http://www.pesticide.org/

Washington Toxics Coalition

4649 Sunnyside Ave N Suite 540E
Seattle WA 98103
206.632.1545
http://www.watoxics.org/

Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Grant program (SARE)

United States Department of Agriculture

Room 322, Agricultural Science Building
4865 Old Main Hill Road
Logan, Utah 84322-4865
435.797.2257

http://wsare.usu.edu

The mission of SARE is to expand knowledge and adoption of sustainable agriculture practices that are economically viable, environmentally sound and socially acceptable. An example of their grant program is the Farmer/Rancher Research and Education Grant program (USDA). Producers and producer groups residing in the Western U.S. eligible to compete for grants to identify, evaluate and test sustainable agriculture practices and challenges.

Oregon Sustainable Agriculture Land Trust (OSALT)

P.O. Box 1106

Canby, Oregon 97013-1106

503. 263.8392

Email:Ý osalt@teleport.com

http://www.osalt.org

OSALT protects urban gardens and farm, ranch and forestland, holding them in trust for agricultural use by future generations. OSALT trains growers in sustainable practices through apprenticeships, seminars, workshops and publications, and seeks to inform the public of the importance of sustainable practices.

Oregon Tilth

1860 Hawthorne Ave. NE

Suite 200

Salem Oregon, 97303

503.378.0690

http://www.tilth.org

Oregon Tilth is a non-profit research and education organization certifying organic farmers, processors, retailers and handlers throughout Oregon, the United States, and internationally.

The Food Alliance

1829 NE Alberta, # 5
Portland, OR 97211
503.493.1066
Email: info@thefoodalliance.org

http://www.thefoodalliance.org

As an independent third party the Food Alliance endorses farms that meet their strict requirements and allow products to carry their seal of approval, which ensures consumers that they are buying healthy food and supporting farmers who protect the environment and provide safe and fair working conditions for their employees. Farmers whose products bear the label meet or exceed their standards in the areas of conserving soil and water, pest and disease management, and human resources.

Chefs Collaborative

282 Moody Street, Suite 207

Waltham, MA 02453
781.736.0635

Email: cc2000@chefnet.com or info@portlandcc.org

http://www.portlandcc.org

http://www.chefnet.com/cc2000

The Chefs Collaborative is a network of chefs, restaurateurs and other culinary professionals who promote sustainable cuisine by teaching children, supporting local farmers, educating each other & inspiring their customers to choose clean, healthy foods.

Environmental Working Group (EWG)
1718 Connecticut Ave., N.W.ÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝ Nickerson Marina Building

Suite 600 ÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝ 1080 W. Ewing Pl, Suite 301
Washington, DC 20009ÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝ Seattle, WA 98119
202.667.6982ÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝ .206.286.1235 x18
Email: info@ewg.org ÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝ Email: ewg_seattle@ewg.org

The Environmental Working Group is a leading content provider for public interest groups and concerned citizens who are campaigning to protect the environment. They produce hundreds of headline-making reports each year, drawing on original EWG analyses of government and other data. Food News (http://www.foodnews.org ) is a project of the Environmental Working Group promoting healthier food choices, pesticide-free foods and organic farming.

3.2.2 Further Reading Regarding Fertilizer, Herbicide and Pesticide Reduction

Jackson, Wes. New Roots for Agriculture. University of Nebraska Press. 1985.

Mollison, Bill. Permaculture: A Practical Guide for a Sustainable Future. Island Press. Washington, DC. 1990.

Savory, Allan. Holistic Management: A New Framework for Decision Making. Island Press. Washington, DC. 1998.

Soule, Judith D.. Farming in Nature's Image: An Ecological Approach to Agriculture. Island Press. Washington, DC. 1992.

4 Monitoring and Research

There are many gaps in knowledge about these watersheds as identified in the assessment. Not all of these can be practically filled by the Basin Council, and many will eventually be addressed by other responsible agencies. Nor are all of the gaps in information equally important. There are several key areas, however, were the Council can and should take a leadership role.

4.1 Implementation of a Stream Monitoring Network

The Council should actively work with the USGS, Clackamas County and other local and regional partners to establish and maintain long-term water quality monitoring stations at key points in both watersheds. Ultimately, the costs of stream monitoring might be passed on to large-scale development within in the area.

There is a need for a comprehensive network of monitoring sites within these two watersheds and a systematic approach to information collection aimed at establishing baseline data and isolating critical parts of the landscape including non-point problem sources. The implementation of a monitoring network and system will go a long way towards improving understanding of watershed issues. The accompanying Opportunity map shows suggested general locations of twelve stream monitoring sites. Actual locations are likely to vary based on access and other local conditions. At a minimum these stations should monitor stream temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity. Nitrates, pesticides and herbicides, which require expensive laboratory analyses, should be monitored on a quarterly basis. At least one site in each watershed should measure stream discharge. This systematic monitoring effort should also include annual salmonid surveys in both streams.

4.1.1 Potential Partners in Stream Monitoring

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

Water Resource Division

10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr.

Portland, OR 97216

503.251.3200

http://oregon.usgs.gov

The USGS can install long-term monitoring stations for a fee. Some funds are available through a USGS matching funds program but the Council or others would need to raise the matching funds.

Water Environment Services (WES)

Clackamas County

9101 SE Sunnybrook Blvd, #441

Clackamas, OR 97015

503.353.4567

Water Environment Services as the lead agency for Clackamas County's response to the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and for coordinating the Countyís salmon recovery programs. (Chinook Salmon and Steelhead are currently listed two species of native Oregon fish as ìThreatenedî under the ESA.) Water Environment Services and the Department of Transportation and Development have received over $1,000,000 in grant funds to implement on the ground solutions for salmon-related problems (such as stream restoration and fish passage). As the lead agency, WES should be encouraged by the Council to take the lead in establishing a stream monitoring system.

Student Watershed Research Project (SWRP)
Saturday Academy/OGI
PO Box 91000
Portland, OR 97291-1000
503.748.1363

www.ogi.edu/satacad/swrp/

Monitoring by school programs such as SWRP is the least expensive method of collecting water quality data. Unfortunately, regulatory agencies rarely consider this data usable. Nonetheless, students have been monitoring water quality on Lower Rock Creek for sometime.

State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
811 SW Sixth Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97204

800.452.4011

http://www.deq.state.or.us/

http://waterquality.deq.state.or.us/wq/ (water quality)

4.2 Identify Potential Fish Barriers and Problem Culverts

The Council should take the lead in working with landowners and residents as well as partner agencies such as Clackamas County, ODFW, and Metro to develop more comprehensive information on fish barriers in the upper portions of Rock and Richardson Creeks. The identification and mapping of potential barriers is an activity that the Council can readily organize and coordinate, particularly since the biggest questions about barriers are on private lands. While providing important information, this can also be an educational and unifying process in local communities.

4.2.1 Potential Partners in Fish Barrier Removal

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife

2501 SW First Ave.,

Portland, OR 97207

503.872.5263

www.dfw.state.or.us

Metro Parks and Greenspaces

600 NE Grand Ave.

Portland, OR 97232-2736

503.797.1850

http://www.metro-region.org/

Water Environment Services (WES)

Clackamas County

9101 SE Sunnybrook Blvd, #441

Clackamas, OR 97015

503.353.4567

Clackamas County Dept. of Transportation and Development

902 Abernethy Rd

Oregon City, OR 97045

Mark Mouser 503.650.3245

Dave Watson 503.722.6320

4.2.2 Information Resources for Fish Barriers

Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 1999. Fish Passage Design at Road Culverts: A design manual for fish passage at road crossings. Available online at http://www.wa.gov/wdfw/hab/engineer/cm/toc.htm

4.3 Assess Fish Presence in Upper Richardson Creek

The Council should lobby ODFW and other partner agencies to conduct fish presence surveys in upper Richardson Creek, where no fish data is currently available.

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife

2501 SW First Ave.,

Portland, OR 97207

503.872.5263

www.dfw.state.or.us

4.4 Research the Role of Groundwater Recharge and Withdrawal

The Council should catalyze and encourage research to assess the rates of groundwater recharge and artificial withdrawals and to clarify the interlocking roles of the Troutdale Formation, the Boring Lava and local soils in infiltration and groundwater recharge, and subsequently stream flows in both Rock and Richardson Creeks. This knowledge is critical to determining strategies for maintaining stream flows and water availability while accommodating new growth. The Council should work in this effort with Clackamas County Water Environment Services, the water providers and USGS.

The State of Oregon Water Resources Department maintains records on well logs and water rights. Through their permitting process, the Department keeps tabs on how much water has been allocated. Damascus and Mt Scott Water Districts have specific knowledge of the groundwater resources within the Rock and Richardson Creek watersheds, but may not have a detailed understanding of the interaction of groundwater and surface water recharge, which would require the development and implementation of a ìseepage runî model. A seepage run model requires taking stream discharge measurements at different locations along the mainstem as well as the incoming tributaries during the late summer when you have a series of days with low flow conditions and no precipitation. By examining the changes in discharge rates, modelers can get an idea of where groundwater inputs occur and their relative discharge. The USGS is capable of doing a seepage run as are many private consulting firms.

4.4.1 Potential Partners on Groundwater Research

Water Environment Services (WES)

Clackamas County

9101 SE Sunnybrook Blvd, #441

Clackamas, OR 97015

503.353.4567

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

Water Resource Division

10615 SE Cherry Blossom Dr.

Portland, OR 97216

503.251.3200

503.251.3263 (Dave Morgan)

http://oregon.usgs.gov

Damascus Water District

19750 SE Damascus Lane

Boring, OR 97009

503.658.5585

Mt. Scott Water District

10602 SE 129th Ave.

Portland, OR 97236

503.761.0220

5 Planning and Urbanization

The Council must secure a central role in the planning and eventual urbanization of these watersheds. The manner in which development occurs will be the greatest determinant of long-term watershed health. Conventional ìbusiness-as-usualî development and urbanization will certainly damage the health of Rock and Richardson Creek watersheds in many ways. Yet with proactive creative planning, the health of these two watersheds can be maintained and even improved, and serve as a model for sustainable development. There are several specific issues on which the Council should take a lead.

5.1 Stormwater Control

The role of stormwater is one of the most critical issues associated with pending development in these watersheds. If current watershed health is to be maintained, a principal goal of new development should be to create no additional surface water flow into the stream system and no reductions in infiltration to groundwater.

The Council must take a leadership role in this area by promoting creative state-of-the-art policies and techniques such as narrow roads, water-pervious surfaces (driveways, walkways, roads), no curbs, grass swales rather than pipes, treatment wetlands, sediment ponds, eco-roofs, minimal stream crossings, tree protection and planting. These practices treat urban water flows as a resource, using them to replenish water tables, irrigate, restore habitat, enhance the microclimate, and connect people with nature. In this role the Council will need to work with planning agencies, residents, businesses, and developers as a partner, educator and cajoler. There are at least three principal items to consider in addressing stormwater issues in these watersheds.

v Keep stormwater and other surface water from running directly into any streams.

v Avoid impoundments in perennial streams.

v Consider directing filtered stormwater directly into the Troutdale aquifer rather than allowing surface runoff. (This requires more research into local infiltration rates and the role of the Troutdale aquifer in stream flow.)

Conventional stormwater management attempts to move rainwater as rapidly as possible from rooftops and pavement to culverts. This can create flooding, and severe spikes in stream flow. There are a variety of ecological approaches to stormwater management that treat rainwater as an important resource to be held on-site as long as possible and slow the introduction of stormwater to stream systems. Residential and commercial developments that employ permeable paving (e.g. paving tiles), rooftop rainwater catchment systems, or water-retaining eco-roofs allow water to infiltrate on-site. Neighborhood-scale gathering and infiltration of stormwater can be accomplished with bioswales (gentle drainage trenches planted with water-purifying vegetation) and retention ponds. Stream and wetland restoration, tree planting, and landscaping can all slow the flow of water, helping to smooth a storm's spike of rainfall into a gradual release lasting several days.

When properly integrated into the ecological infrastructure of a town or development stormwater management can mitigate flooding and improve the quality of water entering local waterways. Water can flow through a decentralized system of open spaces, restored creeks and wetlands, swales, and retention ponds. Such a system can decrease the size and complexity - and therefore the expense - of pipes, pumping stations, and other infrastructure associated with conventional stormwater management.

5.1.1 Examples and Resources for Stormwater Control

TreePeople
12601 Mulholland Drive

Beverly Hills, CA 90210
818.753.4600
E-mail: TreePeople@TreePeople.org

http://www.treepeople.org

http://www.treepeople.org/trees/Overview.htmÝ

TreePeople have utilized several best management practices to enable neighborhoods of single-family residences in South Los Angeles to function as a mini-urban watershed. TreePeople has developed a series of rigorous design standards, engineering analyses, and cost-benefit studies for ecological stormwater management, and have retrofitted homes and schools throughout Los Angeles, resulting in improved water quality, stormwater retention and filtration, and the cooling effects of trees. They have developed a collaboration with dozens of local bureaus and agencies, Trans-Agency Resources for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (T.R.E.E.S.), which is completely transforming the city's water and stormwater infrastructure.

Stormwater Management Inc.
2035 NE Columbia Blvd.

Portland, OR 97211

503-.240-.3393

Email: mail@stormwatermgt.com

http://www.stormwatermgt.com

Stormwater Management, Inc. develops stormwater treatment solutions for engineers, developers and jurisdictional authorities to keep waterways clean and treat stormwater runoff from small commercial sites, large urban mall parking lots, residential streets, and roadways and freeways. They develop efficient and economical solutions to meet the requirements of the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), and provide technical support to others in analyzing and developing solutions for unique stormwater runoff situations.

Keepers of the Waters

PO Box 80637
Portland, OR 97219
503.452.3154

Email: bdamon7367@aol.com

http://www.keepersofthewaters.org

Keepers of the Waters works to make spaces in the urban environment that inform and communicate about water by bringing artists, scientists, government agencies, environmental groups and citizens together to initiate living water park projects that restore, preserve and remediate water sources in visible, educational, recreational and culturally connected ways. These projects ideally transform local infrastructures to be entirely sustainable.

Washington State Department of Ecology, Water Quality Program
Watershed Mgmt. Section (Lacey)
PO Box 47600, Olympia, WA 98504-7600

360.407.6461 (Dave Peeler)

360.407.6006 (TDD*)

E-mail: dpee461@ecy.wa.gov

http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/stormwater/index.html

In 1987, congress changed the federal Clean Water Act by declaring the discharge of stormwater (traditionally considered a nonpoint source) from certain industries and municipalities to be a point source of pollution requiring National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES permits or water quality discharge permits). The state of Washington is delegated authority by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPS) to implement the water quality permit. The EPA stormwater regulations establish two phases for the stormwater permit program. Phase I stormwater NPDES permits have been issued to cover stormwater discharges from certain industries, construction sites involving more five or more acres, and municipalities with a population of more than 100,000. The permits require the development and implementation of a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). The SWPPP for construction sites is primarily a temporary erosion and sediment control plan. The SWPPP for industrial facilities is a documented plan to identify, prevent, and control the contamination of stormwater discharges. The municipal stormwater permits require the implementation of a Stormwater Management Program. The Stormwater Management Program is a plan for the term of the permit to reduce the discharge of pollutants, reduce impacts to receiving waters, eliminate illicit discharges, and make progress towards compliance with surface water, ground water and sediment standards.

Ocean Arks International
176 Battery St.; 3^rd Floor

Burlington, VT 05401

802.860.0011

Email: info@oceanarks.org

http://www.oceanarks.org

Ocean Arks International is a non-profit ecological research, education, and technological development organization founded in 1981. Their mission is to purify the waters of the earth, develop strategies for living more lightly on the planet, and foster the emergence of a lasting planetary culture.

5.1.2 Further Reading on Stormwater Control

Condon, Patrick, eds. Second Nature: Adapting LA's Landscape for Sustainable Living. TreePeople. Beverly Hills, CA. 1999.

Honachesfsky, William B. Ecologically Based Municipal Land Use Planning, Lewis Publisher, Boca Raton, Florida, 2000.

Jones & Stokes Associates, Inc. Product Specification for the T.R.E.E.S. Project. TreePeople. Beverly Hills, CA. 1998.

Matilsky, Barbara C.. Fragile Ecologies: Contemporary Artists' Interpretations. Rizzoli Books., 1992.

Whole Earth Review. Modern Landscape Ecology (Special Issue). Whole Earth Review.Ý Summer 1998.

5.2 Retention of Forested Buttes in Upper Rock Creek as Open Space

The Council should take an active role in protecting the forested Butte areas of upper Richardson and Rock Creek watersheds, which appear to have significant value for water infiltration, recharge and stream flow of both Rock and Richardson Creeks. This area also has both local and regional wildlife habitat values, and provides a wildlife corridor connecting both to the south and to the east and west across the northern end of Rock Creek. The Council should take a lead in investigating these relationships, and promoting the retention of the buttes as open space should these important values be confirmed. The protection of these areas may be best achieved through active participation in local and regional planning.

5.2.1 Potential Partners for Open Space

Metro Parks and Greenspaces

600 NE Grand Ave.

Portland, OR 97232-2736

503.797.1850

www.metro-region.org/parks/parks.html

Metro is charged with planning for issues affecting the whole Portland metropolitan area, including determining the limits of the urban growth boundary (UGB). This agency is the driving force trying to shift natural resources planning in the region to a watershed scale. It will decide whether or not to move the UGB to include more of Rock and Richardson Creek Watersheds -allowing development at urban densities.

Columbia land Trust

1351 Officers' Row

Vancouver, WA 98661

306.696.0131

www.columbialandtrust.org

Trust for Public Lands

Oregon Field Office

1211 SW Sixth Ave.

Portland, OR 97204

503.228.4529

www.tpl.org/nearu/nwro

Clackamas Planning

9101 SE Sunnybrook Blvd.

Clackamas, OR 97015

503.353.4400

www.co.clackamas.or.usÝÝ (general)

www.co.clackamas.or.us/dtd/lngplan/l-plan.htmlÝ (long term planning by project)

Clackamas County's Planning Department is responsible for land use permits and reviews, zoning code administration, plan development and implementation, review of development plans and land divisions for compliance with the Comprehensive Plan, and regulation of design of new developments.

5.2.2 Examples and Resources of Open Space Protection

Trees, Water & People (TWP)

633 S. College Avenue
Fort Collins, CO 80524

970.484.3678

Email: twp@treeswaterpeople.org

http://www.treeswaterpeople.org

Trees, Water & People is a tax-exempt non-profit organization dedicated to helping communities develop sustainable forests and watersheds. TWP programs are specifically aimed at finding the balance between the needs of the environment and the needs of people in the 21st century. TWP works both domestically and internationally on tree planting, watershed protection, community outreach and sustainable land management projects.

The Siskiyou Project
P.O. Box 220
Cave Junction, OR 97523
541.592.4459

Email: project@siskiyou.org

http://www.siskiyou.org/bioregion/ksca.html

The Klamath-Siskiyou Conservation Assessment is a plan for a connected wildlands network throughout one of North America's biodiversity "hot-spots" in the Klamath-Siskiyou.

Northwest Ecosystem Alliance
1421 Cornwall Avenue #201
Bellingham, WA 98225
360.671.9950

http://www.ecosystem.org

Based in Bellingham, Washington, Northwest Ecosystem Alliance was founded in 1988 and now has more than 6000 members. In the last decade, NWEA has worked to maintain the ecological integrity of the Northwest's wildlands. They are a regional conservation force, combining organizing, media and science skills with innovative strategy and field work. Along with protecting countless acres of forestland, NWEA has worked to protect endangered and threatened species such as the lynx, gray wolf and salmon.

The Wildlands Project
1955 W. Grant Road #145
Tucson, AZ 85745

520.884.0875

Email: information@twp.org

http://www.twp.org

The Wildlands Project promotes a long-term, large-scale, positive vision. They work to shape and recreate the future of living Nature in North America. Region by region, they coordinate the design and mapping of a network of wildlands and wild waters. Dozens of grassroots groups and more than 100 scientists are actively involved in this work.

Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative
114 West Pine
Missoula, Montana 59802
406.327.8512

http://www.rockies.ca/y2y

The Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative is a joint Canadian-U.S. network of over 270 organizations, institutions, foundations, and conservation-minded individuals who have recognized the value of working together to restore and maintain the unique natural heritage of the Yellowstone to Yukon region and the quality of life it offers. Their approach to conservation is broadly inclusive, and they work with communities and individuals through stewardship programs that encourage everyone to become good stewards of the land. By expanding and linking protected areas, they contribute to the health of natural systems, which provide the foundations for long-term economic sustainability, community vitality, and the quality of life associated with mountain living.

5.2.3 Further Reading

Arendt, Randall G. Conservation Design for Subdivisions: A Practical Guide to Creating Open Space Networks. Island Press. 1996.

Grumbine, R. Edward. Ghost Bears: Exploring the Biodiversity Crisis. Island Press. 1993.

Hudson, W.E. Landscape Linkages and Biodiversity. Island Press. Washington, DC. 1991.

Little, C.E.. Greenways for America. John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, MD. 1990.

Smith, Daniel S. Ecology of Greenways: Design and Function of Linear Conservation Areas. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis, MN. 1993.

Soule, Michael E, ed. Continental Conservation: Scientific Foundations of Regional Reserve Networks. Island Press. Washington, DC. 1999.

5.3 Restoration of Wetland Forest in Upper Rock Creek

The 135-acre area of hydric soils in the North branch of upper Rock Creek was likely once a forested wetland. There are currently less then two acres of wetland in this area. Restoration of forested conditions in this region can serve to improve downstream water temperatures and regulate nutrient flows. Moreover, this area has good potential for cross-valley habitat connectivity. The re-creation of this wetland forest can only be accomplished through a long-term political process as the area develops over time. The Council can act as a champion for this effort and work with agencies, landowners and land trusts to achieve that goal. Eighty-five percent of this area is currently in agriculture or is sparsely vegetated. Only eleven percent is in forest cover. Nearly all of this zone of hydric soil is in the current urban reserve zone and destined for eventual development. The opportunity for restoring part of this area to wetlands will be greatest when development becomes a possibility.

Upper Rock Creek Hydric Soil Zone: Vegetation and Land Cover Type*

Land Cover Type	acres	percent
Barren and Sparsely Vegetated	13.52	10.05
Agriculture	100.31	74.51
Deciduous Closed Canopy Forest	2.59	1.92
Mixed Closed Canopy Forest	2.06	1.53
Deciduous Open Canopy Forest	6.37	4.73
Mixed Open Canopy Forest	2.66	1.98
Deciduous Scattered Canopy Forest	0.89	0.66
Mixed Scattered Canopy Forest	0.46	0.34
Closed Canopy Shrub	1.58	1.18
Open Canopy Shrub	0.31	0.23
Scattered Canopy Shrub	1.09	0.81
Meadow	2.78	2.07

*Source: Metro (1998).

5.4 Transportation Planning

The Council should take a lead role in educating community residents and responsible agencies (ODOT, Clackamas County, Metro) about the potential impacts of all proposed transportation developments (including the proposed Sunrise Corridor) on water quality and general health of both watersheds, and suggest alternatives or measures to protect ecological values. This proposed Oregon Department of Transportation project is in the final EIS stage.

When roads, railway beds, pipelines, and other forms of infrastructure intersect wildlife corridors, core ecological reserves, or buffer zones, they can create significant barriers to the movement of wildlife. This may cause habitat disruption and contribute to habitat fragmentation, tending to isolate populations from each other. Roads and the development of transportation corridors also has effects on water quality, water quantity and sedimentation potential.

In order to maintain connected wildlands it is essential that transportation connections be compatible with the foraging and breeding needs of both land-based and aquatic animals, and with the natural propagation of plant species. Examples include salmon-friendly culverts that provide transportation services while remaining accessible to migrating salmon. Wildlife underpasses allow animals to pass underneath highways. In Florida, an Interstate was recently built with frequent underpasses for the endangered Florida panther. Wildlife overpasses over existing or specially-constructed tunnels also maintain connectivity.

In urban neighborhoods, infrastructure should be constructed without severing the neighborhood fabric, fragmenting urban habitat, and making it difficult, if not dangerous to cross from one side of the neighborhood to the other. Compatible transportation connections preserve connectivity, provide passage for both people and wildlife; avoid unnecessary fragmentation of both natural and human habitat by minimizing unnecessary infrastructure; and provide frequent, safe, and pleasant over- and under-crossings for people and animals, which isolate them from the traffic.

5.4.1 Transportation Planning Resources and Examples

Citizens for Sensible Transportation

1220 SW Morrison, Suite 535

Portland OR 97205

503.225.0003

Ross Williams Outreach Coordinator

Mountains to Sound Greenway Trust
1011 Western Avenue, Suite 606, Seattle, WA 98104

206.382.5565

Email: MTSGreenway@tpl.org

http://www.mtsgreenway.org

The Mountains to Sound Greenway mission is to protect and enhance scenic beauty, recreational opportunities, wildlife habitat, historic communities and healthy economies in a multi-purpose Greenway along Interstate 90 from the shores of Puget Sound over the Cascade Mountains to the Kittitas Valley foothills.

Oregon Department of Transportation

Transportation Planning

555 13th St. NE
Salem, OR 97301
503.986.4254
Fax: 503.986.4174

http://www.odot.state.or.us/tdb/planning/

1000 Friends of Oregon

534 SW Third St

Portland OR 97204

503.497.1000

Surface Transportation Policy Project
1100 17th St., NW, 10th Floor
Washington, D.C. 20036
202.466.2636
Email: stpp@transact.org

http://www.transact.org

The goal of The Surface Transportation Policy Project is to ensure that transportation policy and investments help conserve energy, protect environmental and aesthetic quality, strengthen the economy, promote social equity, and make communities more livable. They emphasize the needs of people, rather than vehicles, in assuring access to jobs, services, and recreational opportunities.

5.4.2 Background Information for the Sunrise Corridor

A wide number of environmental studies and assessments have been completed related to the potential impacts of various alternatives for the Sunrise Corridor.

v Adolfson and Associates. 1998. Biological Assessment, Listed Species: Lower Columbia River Steelhead, I-205 to 172nd Avenue (Sunnyside Road).

v Beak Consultants, Inc. 1999. Sunrise Corridor: Wetland Delineation, Assessment and Preliminary Mitigation Report.

v CH₂M Hill and Adolfson & Associates. 1998. Sunnyside Road Environmental Assessment (I-205 to Southeast 172^nd Avenue): Natural Resources Technical Report.

v Dames and Moore. 1991. Sunrise Corridor Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Geotechnical Study, Clackamas County, Oregon.

v Dames and Moore. 1992. Sunrise Corridor Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Water Resources and Water Quality Impacts Technical Report, Clackamas County, Oregon.

v Dames and Moore. 1993.Final Technical Report on Natural Resources: Plants and Animals. sunrise Corridor Project Area, Clackamas County.

v David Evans and Associates, Inc. 1991. Sunrise Corridor Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Final Technical Report, Surface Water Drainage Sections 4 Through 6.

v Kurahashi and Associates, Inc. 1998. Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Water Quality Report: Sunnyside Road Improvement Project, I-205 to 172^nd Avenue.

v Mason Bruce and Girard, Inc. 1997. Sunrise Corridor Highway 212/224 Final Biology Report.

v Mason Bruce and Girard, Inc. 1998. Biological Assessment Addressing Impacts to Steelhead Trout, Chinook Salmon, Chum Salmon, Bald Eagle and Rare Plants: East Portland Freeway at Clackamas Highway (Sunrise Corridor) I-205 to 172^nd Ave.

v ODOT (Oregon Department of Transportation). 1993. Draft Environmental Impact Statement: Sunrise Corridor Highway 212/224 (I-205 to US 26).

5.5 Specific Examples for Ecological Planning and Urbanization

Fairview Village (http://www.fairviewvillage.com/main.html) is gaining National attention for its unique approach to neighborhood design. It is a mix of houses, rowhouses, & apartments built among retail, office, and other civic amenities.

With a site designated as a town center in Metro's region 2040 plan, the developers of Orenco Station (http://www.lcd.state.or.us/issues/tgmweb/smart/orenco.htm) in Hillsboro, Oregon set out to realize the vision of living and working in walking distance of transit. The project features a mix of housing types, parks and open spaces, a traditional neighborhood main street, and an adjacent community shopping center, all next to some of the area's largest high-tech employers.

The U.S. Coast Guard received an award (http://www.livable.org/awards/coast.html) for developing innovative and attractive family housing in Astoria. Building on a 45-acre site within the city limits, the development team surveyed Astoria's neighborhood characteristics and worked with the city and its residents to ensure it would be compatible with Astoria's existing community. The development emphasizes the connection between homes, schools, commercial services, and open spaces in the area.

5.6 Other Resources for Ecological Planning and Urbanization

Urban Ecology Design Collaborative

1662 West 75th Avenue
Vancouver, British Columbia
Canada V6P 6G2

604.261.5619
http://www.urbanecology.com

Urban Ecology Design Collaborative is an innovative association of planning and design professionals who specialize in offering ecologically-based design services. Urban Ecology includes architects, designers, environmental planners, landscape architects and engineers who are committed to finding comprehensive solutions to design challenges that are derived from a thorough understanding of a project's social, economic, technical and environmental issues.

1000 Friends of Oregon
534 SW Third Avenue, Suite 300
Portland, OR 97204
503.497.1000
Email: info@friends.org
http://www.friends.org

1000 Friends of Oregon works to conserve Oregon's productive farm, forest and range lands, promote compact, livable cities with affordable housing, greenspaces and transportation alternatives, protect natural resources and scenic areas along the Coast and across Oregon, and defend the opportunities for citizens to participate in the planning decisions affecting Oregon and their communities.

Greenbelt Alliance
530 Bush Street, Suite 303
San Francisco, CA 94108
415.398.3730
Email: info@greenbelt.org

http://www.greenbelt.org

The mission of the Greenbelt Alliance is to make the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area a better place to live by protecting the region's Greenbelt and improving the livability of its cities and towns. Since 1958 they have worked in partnership with diverse coalitions on public policy development, advocacy and education.

Institute of Urban Ecology
Douglas College
P.O. Box 2503
New Westminister, B.C. V3L 5B2

604.527.5522
Email: iue@douglas.bc.ca

http://www.douglas.bc.ca/iue/title1.html

The Institute of Urban Ecology is a community-focused institute involving local, regional and provincial representatives in enhancing the urban areas or cities and towns. The stated mission of the Institute is to sustain the livability and health of urban areas, especially British Columbia's Lower Mainland, through the preservation and enhancement of their natural environment.

Planning Commissioners Journal
P.O. Box 4295
Burlington, VT 05406

802.864.9083
Email: pcj@together.net

http://www.plannersweb.com

The PCJ covers a wide range of planning issues -- including how citizen planners can work most effectively. Their regular columnists discuss topics such as: how to deal with the media; the basics of putting together a comprehensive plan; conflicts of interest & ex-parte communications; running an effective meeting; and developing good staff-commissioner.

Resource Renewal Institute
Pier One, Fort Mason Center
San Francisco, CA, 94123, USA
415.928.3774

Email: info@rri.org

http://www.rri.org

The Resource Renewal Institute (RRI) is a nonprofit, non-governmental organization that supports innovative environmental management strategies in the United States and worldwide. RRI's mission is to catalyze the development and implementation of green plans. RRI evaluates the effectiveness of existing and emerging green plans and uses this information to spearhead green planning processes throughout the United States.

The Land Trust Alliance
1331 H St NW, Suite 400

Washington, DC 20005
202.638.4725

http://www.lta.org

The Land Trust Alliance promotes voluntary land conservation and strengthens the land trust movement by providing the leadership, information, skills and resources land trusts need to conserve land for the benefit of communities and natural systems.

Congress for the New Urbanism
The Hearst Building
5 Third Street, Suite 725
San Francisco, CA 94103
415.495.2255
Email: cnuinfo@cnu.org

http://www.cnu.org

The Congress for the New Urbanism views disinvestment in central cities, the spread of placeless sprawl, increasing separation by race and income, environmental deterioration, loss of agricultural lands and wilderness, and the erosion of society's built heritage as one interrelated community-building challenge. They stand for the restoration of existing urban centers and towns within coherent metropolitan regions, the reconfiguration of sprawling suburbs into communities of real neighborhoods and diverse districts, the conservation of natural environments, and the preservation of our built legacy.

Smart Growth BC
c/o 201-402 West Pender Street,
Vancouver, B.C. V6B 1T6

604.915.5234

http://www.smartgrowth.bc.ca

Smart Growth B.C. is a new organization dedicated to challenging urban sprawl and other unsustainable urban development practices in British Columbia. Smart Growth B.C. is working to increase the profile of urban development issues and assist established organizations to create livable communities, contain urban sprawl, preserve agricultural and forest land, promote more sustainable transportation, and ensure adequate affordable housing.

5.7 Additional Reading Related to Planning and Urbanization

Aberley, Doug, ed. Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment. New Society Publishers. Gabriola Island, BC. 1993.

Aberley, Doug, ed. Futures by Design: The Practice of Ecological Planning. New Society Publishers. Gabriola Island, BC. 1994.

Calthorpe, Peter, William Fulton, Robert Fishman. The Regional City: New Urbanism and the End of Sprawl. Island Press. October 2000.

Calthorpe, Peter. The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream. Princeton Architectural Press. Princeton, NJ. 1993.

Condon, Patrick (Editor), Joanne Proft (Editor). Sustainable Urban Landscapes: The Brentwood Design Charrette. Pacific Educational Press. March 1999.

Condon, Patrick (Editor). Sustainable Urban Landscapes: The Surrey Design Charrette. Univ of British Columbia. September 1996.

Congress for the New Urbanism. Charter of the New Urbanism. McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing., 1999.

Corbett, Judy. Designing Sustainable Communities: Learning from Village Homes. Island Press. Washtington, DC. 2000.

Dramstad, Wenche E. Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning. Island Press. 1997.

Forman, R.T.T.. Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 1995.

Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Modern Library. New York, NY. 1993.

Kelbaugh, Doug, ed. The Pedestrian Pocket Book - A New Suburban Design Strategy. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1989.

Krieger, Alex, ed. Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk: Towns and Town-Making Principles. Rizzoli. New York, NY. 1991.

Lyle, John Tillman. Regenerative Design for Sustainable Development. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.. New York, NY. 1994.

McHarg, Ian L. Design with Nature. John Wiley and Sons. Washington, DC. 1995.

Van Der Ryn, Sim, and Peter Calthorpe. Sustainable Communities: A New Design Synthesis for Cities, Suburbs, and Towns.Ý Sierra Club Books. June 1986.

6 Short-term Restoration Projects

In the face of current development pressure, riparian planting projects are a lower priority on the scale of issues facing these two watersheds than other items identified in this action plan. However, the Council should not let partnerships with private landowners and community organizations be missed. The strategic importance of building community awareness by supporting local efforts to do riparian enhancement projects and developing community ownership of Rock and Richardson Creeks is valuable in its own right. These projects will help to build support for and awareness of the importance of improving watershed health. The Council can work with groups such as Friends of Trees, North Clackamas County Parks, Rock Creek Community Association, local landowners, SOLV, Water Environment Services and direct the volunteer energies of residents to these hands-on efforts.

Some immediate riparian planting projects include areas in upper Rock Creek down to the golf course and in upper Richardson near highways 212 and 2022. Other potential projects are broadly identified by specific studies commissioned by Clackamas County Water Environment Services.

The properties owned by North Clackamas County Parks Department throughout Graham Creek, a tributary to Rock Creek, have been identified by local landowners, the Rock Creek Community Association and the Parks Department as areas where riparian areas are in need of replanting, cleanup and enhancement projects. These provide opportunities for the Council to partner with the local community. As these areas urbanize it will be important for Parks and others to have resources to maintain and enhance such riparian areas and open space. The riparian areas provide important fish and wildlife and water quality benefits, and neighbors will be more likely to support watershed issues and projects if they have riparian corridors and open spaces in their own back yards. Private streamside landowners throughout the two basins can be identified through personal contacts, neighborhood associations or postcard mailings and through community events.Ý

Despite the value of these types of neighborhood projects, it should be noted that a sole focus on restoration projects will have little effect on overall watershed health if other aspects of this recommended strategy are neglected in the face of impending development.

6.1.1 Potential Restoration Partners

Friends of Trees
2831 NE Martin Luther King Blvd.
Portland, OR 97212
503.282.8846
www.friendsoftrees.org

Student Watershed Research Project (SWRP)
Saturday Academy/OGI
PO Box 91000
Portland, OR 97291-1000
503.748.1363

www.ogi.edu/satacad/swrp/

For Sake of the Salmon

319 SW Washington St., Suite 706

Portland, OR 97204

503.223.8511

www.4sos.org

Pacific Rivers Council

PO Box 10798

Eugene, OR 97440

541.345.0119

www.pacrivers.org

Oregon Trout

10312 SE 99 Drive
Portland OR 97266
503.697.2335

Oregon Water Trust

111 SW Naito Parkway, Suite 404
Portland, OR 97204
503.226.9055
www.owt.org

A private, non-profit group that acquires consumptive water right and converts them to instream water rights as a way of augmenting flows on streams and tributaries important for salmon and steelhead.

SOLV

P.O. Box 1235

Hillsboro, Oregon 97123

503.844.9571

Fax: 503.844.9575

http://www.solv.org/

Water Environment Services (WES)

Clackamas County

9101 SE Sunnybrook Blvd, #441

Clackamas, OR 97015

503.353.4567

6.1.2 Information Resources for Restoration

A Citizen's Streambank Restoration Handbook. A 171 page guide to restoring eroding streambanks using vegetation and flexible systems. Features installation guidelines, sample budgets, case studies and tips for choosing the best solution for your stream. Available from Save Our Salmon (800.284.4952).

Ca lifornia Salmonid Stream Habitat Restoration Manual. Available in PDF format from the California Department of Fish & Game (http://www.dfg.ca.gov/fishing/manual3.pdf ). The 495 page manual describes salmon and steelhead restoration efforts in California, watershed assessment process, habitat inventory and fish sampling methods, data interpretation, as well as project planning, implementation, and evaluation.

How to Hold Up Banks: Using All the Assets. Well-illustrated booklet on controlling stream erosion produced by the Boquet River Association (BRASS), a small nonprofit group with extensive experience in stream monitoring and restoration. The book is aimed at citizen groups and emphasizes community involvement and low-cost approaches. Techniques covered include streambank shaping; planting grasses, seedlings, and live posts; and installing log cribbing and stone riprap. Available at 518.873.3688.

Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices was developed by an interdisciplinary team of stream and watershed management specialists, hydrologists, engineers and others from the EPA and 15 other federal agencies and private groups. The printed document is available from the National Technical Information Service at 800.553.NTIS. The document can be viewed online at http://www.usda.gov/stream_restoration/.Ý

The Oregon Wetlands Conservation Guide: Voluntary Wetlands Stewardship Options for Oregon's Private Landowners. Available form Oregon Division of State Lands at 503.378.3805.

FishXing 2.0 on CD-ROM and software is an interactive software package that models hydraulic conditions throughout the culvert over a wide range of flows for numerous culvert shapes and sizes. The model incorporates fisheries inputs including fish species, size, and swimming abilities. Includes a multimedia ìlearning systemî that provides audio-visual lectures about fish passage assessment, a series of videos of fish passage situations, and other resources. Available from the USDA-Forest Service, San Dimas Technology and Development Center, 444 East Bonita Ave., San Dimas, CA 91773; 909.599.1267 and available on-line at http://www.stream.fs.fed.us/fishxing.

Life on the Edge: Improving Riparian Function is a 12 minute video from the Oregon State University Extension Service that shows how this transition zone between water's edge and the uplands provides food and cover for fish and wildlife, controls erosion, filters runoff, and produces the ingredients for fish habitat and stream channel stability, land-use practices impact riparian areas, and techniques that landowners, volunteers, and professional resource managers are using to improve and protect riparian function. Available from Oregon State University Publication Orders, Extension & Station Communications, Oregon State University, 422 Kerr Administration Building, Corvallis, OR 97331-2119.

The Return of the Salmon: Restoring The Fish To Rivers and Watersheds. This 30-minute video produced by Oregon Sea Grant video provides background to what watersheds are, salmon habitat needs, the impacts on the region from the loss of the salmon, provides a historic background to habitat problems and deals with solutions as being addressed by watershed groups. Available from Sea Grant Communications at 800.375.9360.

Restoring America's Streams. A video from the Save Our Streams Program of the Izaak Walton League of America, is a companion to A Citizen's Streambank Restoration Handbook. This 28-minute video depicts bioengineering techniques for restoring degraded streambanks. It covers structural methods, such as placing logs and stumps, and vegetative methods, such as planting willows and dogwood. Both the video and the handbook stress a watershed approach to designing a stream restoration projects. Available at 800.BUG.IWLA.

6.1.3 Further Restoration Reading

Rapp, Valerie. What the River Reveals: Understanding and Restoring Healthy Watersheds. The Mountaineers. Seattle, WA. 1997.

Riley, Ann L. Restoring Streams in Cities: A Guide for Planners, Policymakers, and Citizens. Island Press. Washington, DC. 1998.

Williams, Wood, and Dombeck. Watershed Restoration: Principles and Practices. American Fisheries Society., 1997.

Opportunity Map